Teaching and Learning

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Understands how books and print work, like knowing we read from left to right, what a word is, and how to find the cover of a book.

Shows an understanding of spoken words, like how to break words into parts (syllables) and recognize individual sounds (like the "c" sound in "cat").

Uses phonics (linking sounds to letters) and other strategies to sound out and read words appropriate for their grade level.

Reads simple books and texts to build speed, accuracy, and understanding of what they're reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

With help, can ask and answer questions about words they don't know when reading stories.

Participates actively and thoughtfully in group reading activities.

With help, can ask and answer questions about important facts and details in non-fiction texts (like articles or informational books).

With help, can ask and answer questions about words they don't know when reading non-fiction.

With help, can point out how two different texts about the same topic are alike and different.

Actively and thoughtfully participates in group reading of informational texts.

Writing

With guidance, can remember things they've experienced or find information from given sources to answer a question in their writing.

Language

Can figure out the meaning of new words or words with several meanings based on what they're reading or learning in kindergarten.

With help, explores how words are connected and understands the subtle differences in their meanings (e.g., "big" vs. "enormous").

Uses new words and phrases learned from talking, reading, being read to, and discussing texts.

Speaking and Listening

Participates respectfully in group discussions with classmates and adults about kindergarten topics and books, both in small and large groups.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Understand addition and subtraction

Numeric Reasoning: Counting and Cordinality

Know number names and the count sequence

Count to tell the number of objects

Compare numbers

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Work with numbers 11–19 to gain foundations for place value

Geometry

Identify and describe shapes

Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes

Describe and compare measurable attributes

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Understands how books and printed words are organized (e.g., knows we read from left to right, can identify the beginning and end of a sentence, knows what a word is).

Shows an understanding of the sounds in spoken words, like how to break words into parts (syllables) and recognize individual sounds (e.g., the "ch" sound in "chop" or distinguishing between long and short vowel sounds).

Uses phonics (linking sounds to letters) and other strategies (like looking at word parts or patterns) to sound out and read new words at their grade level.

Reads books and texts accurately, smoothly, and with expression, which helps them understand what they are reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

Can find words and phrases in stories or poems that describe feelings (e.g., "happy," "scared") or appeal to the senses (e.g., "crunchy leaves," "sweet smell").

With help, can read and understand stories, non-fiction articles, and poems that are right for a first grader.

Can ask and answer questions about the important facts and details in non-fiction books or articles.

Can ask and answer questions to figure out the meaning of new or confusing words and phrases in what they are reading.

Can identify simple ways that two different texts (like two books or articles) about the same topic are alike and different.

With help, can read and understand informational texts (like books about animals or history) that are suitable for first grade.

Writing

With guidance, can remember details from their own experiences or find information from books or other sources to answer a question in their writing.

Language

Can figure out the meaning of new words or words with several meanings (like "bat" or "right") by using clues from the sentence, looking at word parts, or asking for help.

With a little help, shows an understanding of how words are connected (e.g., "hot" and "cold" are opposites) and the subtle differences between similar words (e.g., "walk" vs. "stroll").

Uses new words and phrases learned from talking, reading, and listening to stories, and can use connecting words (like "and," "but," "or," "because") to show simple relationships in their sentences.

Speaking and Listening

Participates respectfully in group discussions with classmates and adults about first-grade topics and books, listening to others and sharing their own ideas.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction

Add and subtract within 20

Work with addition and subtraction equations

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Extend the counting sequence

Understand place value

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract

Geometric Reasoning and Measurement

Reason with shapes and their attributes

Describe and compare measurable attributes

Tell and write time

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Works with spoken words, breaking them into parts (like "but-ter-fly") and recognizing individual sounds within words, especially in words with two or three syllables.

Knows and applies phonics (connecting sounds to letters) and other strategies to sound out and read new words at grade level.

Reads with enough accuracy (correctly) and fluency (smoothly and with expression) to understand what they are reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

Describes how words and phrases create rhythm and add meaning in a story, poem, or song.

By the end of the year, reads and understands stories and poems that are typical for 2nd and 3rd graders, with a little help when the texts are more challenging.

Asks and answers questions like who, what, where, when, why, and how to show understanding of the important details in a text.

Determines the meaning of words and phrases in texts related to 2nd-grade topics or subjects.

Compares and contrasts the most important ideas presented in two different texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, reads and understands informational texts (like books about history, science, or how-to guides) that are typical for 2nd and 3rd graders, with a little help when the texts are more challenging.

Writing

Recalls information from experiences or gathers information from books and other sources to answer a question in their writing.

Language

Determines or clarifies the meaning of new words or words with multiple meanings (like "light" or "bark") based on 2nd-grade reading and content, using different strategies to help.

Demonstrates understanding of how words are related to each other (like synonyms or antonyms) and can recognize the slight differences in meaning between similar words (e.g., "walk," "stroll," "dash").

Uses new words and phrases acquired from talking, reading, and listening to stories, including using adjectives (describing words) and adverbs (words that describe actions) to make descriptions more vivid.

Speaking and Listening

Participates actively in group discussions with classmates and adults about 2nd-grade topics and texts, listening respectfully and sharing ideas.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction

Add and subtract within 20

Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Understand place value

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract

Geometric Reasoning and Measurement

Reason with shapes and their attributes

Measure and estimate lengths in standard units

Relate addition and subtraction to length

Work with time and money

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Knows and applies phonics (connecting sounds to letters) and other strategies to sound out and read new words at grade level.

Reads with enough accuracy (correctly) and fluency (smoothly and with expression) to understand what they are reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

Determines the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, telling the difference between words used in their usual way (literal) and words used to create an image or feeling (nonliteral, like "raining cats and dogs").

Reads and understands stories, plays, and poems that are challenging for 2nd and 3rd graders, reading independently and very well by the end of the year.

Asks and answers questions to show understanding of a text, clearly pointing to specific parts of the text to support their answers.

Determines the meaning of general school words and specific vocabulary related to 3rd-grade topics or subjects in a text.

Compares and contrasts the most important ideas and key details presented in two different texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, reads and understands informational texts (like books about history, science, or how-to guides) that are challenging for 2nd and 3rd graders, reading independently and very well.

Writing

Recalls information from experiences or gathers information from printed books and online sources; takes short notes on sources and sorts evidence into given categories.

Language

Determines or clarifies the meaning of new words or words with multiple meanings (like "cool" or "play") based on 3rd-grade reading and content, using a variety of strategies to help.

Demonstrates understanding of how words are related to each other (like synonyms or antonyms) and the slight differences in meaning between similar words (e.g., "look," "peek," "glance").

Acquires and uses a variety of words and phrases correctly, including everyday words, words used in school subjects, and words that describe where things are (spatial, like "above," "behind") and when things happen (temporal, like "before," "after").

Speaking and Listening

Participates effectively in different kinds of group discussions (one-on-one, in small groups, and with the teacher) with various classmates about 3rd-grade topics and texts, building on others' ideas and clearly expressing their own.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division

Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division

Multiply and divide within 100

Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multidigit arithmetic

Numeric Reasoning: Fractions

Develop understanding of fractions as numbers

Geometric Reasoning and Measurement

Reason with shapes and their attributes

Solve problems involving measurement and estimation

Geometric measurement: understand concepts of area and relate area to multiplication and to addition

Geometric measurement: recognize perimeter

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Reads with enough accuracy (correctly) and fluency (smoothly and with expression) to understand what they are reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

Determines the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that subtly refer to important characters from well-known stories (like calling a sneaky person "a Scrooge").

By the end of the year, reads and understands stories, plays, and poems that are typical for 4th and 5th graders, reading very well with a little support when the texts are more challenging.

Refers to specific details and examples from a text when explaining what the text clearly states and when making logical guesses (inferences) based on the text.

Determines the meaning of general school words and specific vocabulary related to 4th-grade topics or subjects in a text.

Combines information from two different texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject with good understanding.

By the end of the year, reads and understands informational texts (like books about history, science, or technical instructions) that are typical for 4th and 5th graders, reading very well with a little support when the texts are more challenging.

Writing

Uses evidence (details and examples) from stories or informational texts to support their own analysis, reflections, and research.

Language

Determines or clarifies the meaning of new words or words with multiple meanings (like "run" or "fair") based on 4th-grade reading and content, choosing from a variety of strategies to help.

Demonstrates understanding of figurative language (like similes, metaphors, or personification – e.g., "the wind whispered"), how words are related to each other, and the subtle differences in meaning between similar words (e.g., "walk," "stroll," "trudge").

Acquires and uses a variety of words and phrases correctly, including general school words and vocabulary specific to certain topics, especially those words that describe precise actions, emotions, or states of being, and words that are fundamental to a particular subject.

Speaking and Listening

Participates effectively in different kinds of group discussions (one-on-one, in small groups, and with the teacher) with various classmates about 4th-grade topics and texts, building on others' ideas and clearly expressing their own.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems

Gain familiarity with factors and multiples

Generate and analyze patterns

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic

Numeric Reasoning: Fractions

Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering

Build fractions from unit fractions

Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions

Geometric Reasoning and Measurement

Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles

Solve problems involving measurement and conversion of measurements

Geometric measurement: understand concepts of angle and measure angles

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data

Reading

Reading Foundational Skills

Reads with enough accuracy (correctly) and fluency (smoothly and with expression) to understand what they're reading.

Reading Literature and Informational Text

Determines the meaning of words and phrases as they're used in a text, including those that subtly refer to important characters from well-known stories (like calling someone "a real Romeo").

Reads and understands stories, plays, and poems well.

Refers to specific details and examples from a text when explaining what the text clearly says and when making logical guesses (inferences) based on the text.

Determines the meaning of general school words and specific vocabulary related to a 5th-grade topic or subject in a text.

Combines information from two different texts on the same topic to write or speak about the subject with good understanding.

Reads and understands informational texts (like books about history, science, or technical instructions) well.

Writing

Uses evidence (details and examples) from stories or informational texts to support their analysis, reflections, and research.

Language

Determines or clarifies the meaning of new words or words with multiple meanings (like "crane" or "clip") based on 5th-grade reading and content, choosing from a variety of strategies to help.

Demonstrates understanding of figurative language (like similes, metaphors, or idioms – e.g., "it's raining cats and dogs"), how words are related to each other, and the subtle differences in meaning between similar words (e.g., "surprise," "astonish," "amaze").

Acquires and uses a variety of words and phrases correctly, including general school words and vocabulary specific to certain topics. This includes words that signal precise actions, emotions, or states of being, and words that are basic to a particular subject.

Speaking and Listening

Participates effectively in different kinds of group discussions (one-on-one, in small groups, and with the teacher) with various classmates about 5th-grade topics and texts, building on others' ideas and clearly expressing their own.

Algebraic Reasoning: Operations

Write and interpret numerical expressions

Analyze patterns and relationships

Numeric Reasoning: Base Ten Arithmetic

Understand the place value system

Perform operations with multi-digit whole numbers and with decimals to hundredths

Numeric Reasoning: Fractions

Use equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division

Geometric Reasoning and Measurement

Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems

Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties

Convert like measurement units within a given measurement system

Geometric measurement: understand concepts of volume

Data Reasoning

Pose investigative questions and collect/consider data

Analyze, represent, and interpret data